Direct energy business offers electricity and natural gas supply solutions to large enterprises. Direct energy conversion an overview sciencedirect topics. Direct biological conversion of electrical current into. Fuel analysis is essentially a mass balance approach in which carbon content factors are applied to fuel input to determine emissions.
The fuel cell, another electrochemical producer of electricity, was developed by william robert grove. The detector includes multiple layers of semiconductor material with the layers having varying thicknesses. For context within the 2015 qtr, key connections between this technology assessment, other qtr. This was triggered by the rising crude oil prices in the 1970s, awakening the concern for alternative strategies for fuels and energy. Thermoelectric generators are devices that convert heat. Aneutronic fusion produces energy in the form of charged particles instead of neutrons. Energy conversion an overview sciencedirect topics.
Conversion of solar radiation into electric energy may be achieved either in two steps, first by converting radiation to heat, and then heat into electricity, using one of the methods or alternatively by direct conversion of radiation into electricity, using the photovoltaic conversion scheme. A ct detector capable of energy discrimination and direct conversion is disclosed. Alternative methods of solar energy are discussed in part v. Solar radiation measurements national renewable energy. Direct energy conversion gang chen mechanical engineering department massachusetts institute of technology. Biomass conversion by hydrothermal liquefaction htl and fast pyrolysis fp has already been studied for decades. Direct energy conversion dec or simply direct conversion converts a charged particles kinetic energy into a voltage. The use of a photon intermediate direct energy conversion pidec process to develop a proof of concept of a longlived and efficient nuclear battery powered by a radioactive beta source is discussed. Direct measurement of co 2 emissions is performed through the use of a continuous emissions monitoring system cems. Karnofsky and steinhoff 1960 and weigandt 1960 first proposed the saline water conversion by direct freezing process with butane as the secondary refrigerant in 1960. Renewable energy sources charged with energy from the sun and originated from earth moon interaction vol. The use of lenses or mirrors to concentrate direct solar radiation onto small areas. Bergem, in direct thermochemical liquefaction for energy applications, 2018.
The direct sources of transforming energy into electricity are static energy, electromagnetic induction, and chemical energy. Direct energyconversion methods are those methods by which energy from the sun, a nuclear reactor, or a chemical reaction can be converted directly to. An assessment of solar energy conversion technologies and. Energy flow is represented in the diagram in figure 2.
The theory of these direct energy conversion methods is analyzed. This was triggered by the rising crude oil prices in the 1970s, awakening the concern for alternative strategies. Learn how direct energy renewable services is helping commercial enterprises meet their sustainability goals. It provides an indepth development of key issues from the first principles of the underlying sciences, and examines the means available for converting heat to. Various methods for ionizing the gas are available, all of which depend on. The bioenergy technologies office works with the emerging u. Direct energy conversion principles as applied to lasers request. Helium3 fusion is definitely a far distance away and should best be considered as a second generation fuel, something that may be exploited after current methods for confinement have been refined to the commercial reactor level. Lienhard v phlogiston press this textbook is an introduction to heat and mass transfer for engineering students. Voxelbased methods can avoid dependence on image registration by direct conversion of mri signalintensity values to hounsfield units hu or elec. In this study, we showed that noble and certain nonnoble metal nanoparticles can be deposited on graphite without the aid of any reducing agent. Direct conversion of nuclear energy to electricity may be done in a single step.
Nevertheless the majority of biomass used is a lignocellulosic fiber wood, straws, stalks, nuts shells, etc. Thermoelectric and thermionic energy conversion techniques have been used predominantly in space nuclear power systems. In chapter 20 we introduce different concepts related to solar thermal energy. Direct energy conversion reiner decher ebook center. Engineering electromagnetic fields and waves carl johnk. Request pdf direct energy conversion principles as applied to lasers. Us7697659b2 direct conversion energy discriminating ct. History and theoretical underpinnings electrostatic direct collectors. This report summarizes the state of the research in some mature and emerging solar technologies with high potential for largescale energy production, and identifies fundamental research topics that are crucial for. Solar energy conversion and its application methods varies in wide range from passive solar to heat building to complex concentrated form to generate electricity. This means that energy from aneutronic fusion could be captured using direct conversion instead of the steam cycle that is used for neutrons. Direct thermal energy conversion materials, devices, and systems is one of fourteen manufacturingfocused technology assessments prepared in support of chapter 6.
Feb 12, 2014 direct energy conversion systems slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Innovating clean energy technologies in advanced manufacturing technology assessments additive manufacturing advanced materials manufacturing advanced sensors, controls, platforms and modeling for manufacturing combined heat and power systems composite materials critical materials direct thermal energy conversion. Technologies for converting and handling renewable energy chapter 6. Energy can be divided into quantity and quality terms. The process of coal liquefaction creates synthetic liquid fuels from solid coal as substitutes for various petroleum products. A method and apparatus for direct energy conversion that combines the properties of type ii superconductor thin films, including the meissner effect to create vortices to control and modulate static flux coupled in a magnetic circuit, where the laws of induction are used to produce an electrical signal without the use of moving armatures. Esl755 solar photovoltaic devices and systems 300 3. Direct energy conversion methods are those methods by which energy from the sun, a nuclear reactor, or a chemical reaction can be converted directly to electricity. Innovating clean energy technologies in advanced manufacturing. Most of this renewable energy comes from the traditional use of biomass about 39 ej and largerscale hydropower about 30 ej, while other renewable technologies provided about 20 ej.
Direct energy conversion dec or simply direct conversion converts a charged particles. Review paper energy production from biomass part 1. Energy conversion, the transformation of energy from forms provided by nature to forms that can be used by humans. Energy conversion efficiency is one of the key characteristics of energy systems. Direct conversion techniques can either be inductive, based on changes in magnetic fields, electrostatic, based on. Post at the lawrence livermore national laboratory was an early proponent of the idea. Thermodynamics fundamentals for energy conversion systems. Sustainable energy science and engineering center energy conversion concerned with the transformation of energy from sources such as fossil fuel and radiation from sun into conveniently used forms such as electrical energy, propulsive energy, heating and cooling. Direct energy conversion is written for students and practicing engineers with an interest in the performance of energy conversion processes that involve direct methods of producing electric power from heat and other primary sources. Energy stored in chemical bonds combustion useful power bypass the conversion toheat and mechanical toelectrical processes a fuel cell is an electrochemical device in which the chemical energy of a conventional fuel is converted directly and efficiently into low voltage, direct current electrical energy. In chapter 21, which is the last chapter of the regular text, we discuss solar fuels, which allow to store solar energy on the long term in the form of chemical energy. In the middle of the 1960s direct energy conversion was proposed as a method for capturing the energy from the exhaust gas in a fusion reactor. The detector is constructed to be segmented in the xray penetration direction so as to optimize count rate performance as well as avoid saturation. Furthermore, the mechanism and potential applications of sustainable photophotoelectro.
The recent reports on advanced preparation methods for single metal atoms are discussed, which optimize the electrochemical performance of various energy conversion reactions, as well as optimizing the performance of batteries. Energy conversion maximizing the power produced from a geothermal plant is crucial for costeffective operation. Feasibility of a directconversion method from magnetic. Energy tools use our helpful tools to convert energy units of measure and define energy terms. Nevertheless, helium3s benefits in terms of energy conversion and radioactivity are significant. This is an advanced technology which is of interest though not necessarily of immediate usefulness to industry.
Here we demonstrate that methane can directly be produced using a biocathode containing methanogens in electrochemical systems abiotic anode or microbial electrolysis cells mecs. For electric power, quantity and quality are described by current and voltage. It is a scheme for power extraction from nuclear fusion. Overend encyclopedia of life support systems eolss such fuels. The conversion of biomass into useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and. Advanced biofuels are part of americas alloftheabove.
Primary energy is the energy as it is available in the natural environment, i. Us9080557b2 method and apparatus for direct energy. Simple, green, and energy efficient methods for preparing electroactive materials used to generate and store renewable energy are important for a sustainable future. Direct energyconversion methods are those methods by which energy from the sun, a nuclear reactor, or a chemical reaction can be.
Reiner decher file specification extension pdf pages 275 size 4. A comparative study of nuclear technology and direct energy. Energy sources conversion method specific energy mjkg conversion efficiency energy density mjl form of energy product phase co2 generation impurities water usage cost land usage cost sustainable energy fall 2010 conversion 12. The subjects covered include heat conduction, forced and natural convection, thermal radiation, boiling, condensation, heat. Both methods are described in more detail in the following sections. Using enzymes, microbes, and catalysts to make fuels and chemicals.
Interannual monthly mean daily totals solar radiation research laboratory 19862000 global trend y 4. Kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electromagnetic etc. Renewable energy conversion, transmission and storage. The drawback of this method is the uncertainty of the registration 15. The direct energy conversion activities at the university of illinois are scat tered throughout the following. It also includes the photoelectric process transforming light into electrical energy, direct conversion of temperature differences, nuclear energy, etc. Direct conversion batteries direct conversion uses the radioisotope decay to directly drive a device that converts these charged particles to electricity. Pdf direct conversion of nuclear energy to electricity. Simple, green, and energyefficient methods for preparing electroactive materials used to generate and store renewable energy are important for a sustainable future. Progress in nuclearpumped lasers ed radiation energy conversion in space. Direct thermaltoelectric energy conversion technologies thermoelectric converter thermionic converter thermophotovoltaic converter warren m. Energy conversion calculator, glossary of energy terms and energy desktop reference guide. A comparative study of nuclear technology and direct. This would generate a direct current of electricity.
The conversion of biomass into useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and liquid fuels. Thermoelectric generators are devices that convert. Department of energy is researching a range of technologies that will improve plant operating efficiencies. Avco corperation designed and manufactured the 75 000. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Anatomybased methods use deformable image registration between mri and ct images to obtain deformed mri or ct images. In addition to a summary of the research work, this report shows that 22 technical papers and ten theses were generated by 26 students and by faculty who were supported by he contract.
This alloy undergoes a low hysteresis, reversible martensitic phase transformation from a nonmagnetic martensite phase to a strongly ferromagnetic austenite phase upon heating. The direct conversion of heat to electricity using. Surface requirements for electrostatic direct energy converters pdf. As part of one of the largest retail energy suppliers in north america, we have the capability to meet energy needs of for enterprises of any size, whether its smartly procuring electricity and natural gas or finding innovative ways to reduce demand. Transformation of one type of energy such as sunlight to another such as electricity without passing through an intermediate stage such as steam to spin generator turbines. The definition of the energy conversion efficiency is the useful energy output benefit divided by the energy input cost. Over the centuries a wide array of devices and systems has been developed for this purpose.
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